Infectious Disease
Tuberculosis
About Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease typically caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also impact other parts of the body, such as the brain, spine, or kidneys.
Common Symptoms
- Persistent cough (often lasting three weeks or longer)
- Chest pain
- Coughing up blood or sputum
- Weakness or fatigue
- Weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- Chills
- Fever
- Night sweats
Diagnosis
Diagnosis commonly involves a physical examination, a skin test (Mantoux tuberculin skin test) or a blood test (IGRA). If these tests suggest TB, further tests like chest X-rays, and laboratory analysis of sputum samples are often performed to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific strain.
Causes
TB is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopic droplets released into the air. This typically occurs when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Not everyone exposed to the bacteria becomes sick; many people develop latent TB infection, where the bacteria are present but inactive.
Treatment Overview
Conventional treatment for active TB usually involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics tailored to the specific strain of bacteria. This treatment typically lasts for several months and adherence is crucial to prevent drug resistance and ensure full recovery. Some individuals may explore complementary approaches alongside conventional treatment, such as nutritional support, though these are not substitutes for prescribed medical therapy.
Prognosis & Outlook
With appropriate and consistent treatment, most people with active TB can achieve a full recovery. However, untreated or inadequately treated TB can be severe and potentially fatal. The prognosis may vary depending on factors such as the strain of bacteria, the patient's overall health, and adherence to the treatment regimen.
Types & Variants
Latent TB Infection
The person is infected with TB bacteria, but the bacteria remain inactive and cause no symptoms. Latent TB isn't contagious but can turn into active TB, so treatment is still important.
Active TB Disease
The TB bacteria are active and multiplying, causing symptoms and making the person sick. Individuals with active TB in the lungs or throat can spread the bacteria to others.
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