Cancer
Melanoma
About Melanoma
Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that develops in the melanocytes, the cells that produce melanin. It is less common than other skin cancers but is considered more dangerous due to its potential to spread to other parts of the body.
Common Symptoms
- A change in an existing mole
- The development of a new, unusual-looking growth on the skin
- Moles that are asymmetrical
- Moles with irregular borders
- Moles with uneven or changing color
- Moles with a diameter larger than 6 millimeters
- Moles that are evolving or changing over time (e.g., size, shape, color, elevation)
- Moles that itch or bleed
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of melanoma typically begins with a thorough skin examination by a healthcare professional. If a suspicious lesion is identified, a biopsy is usually performed, where a small tissue sample is removed and examined under a microscope. This microscopic analysis helps to confirm the presence of melanoma and determine its characteristics.
Causes
The primary known cause of melanoma is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, primarily from sunlight or tanning beds. Genetic predisposition, such as a family history of melanoma or certain genetic mutations, can also increase an individual's risk. Certain risk factors, including having many moles or fair skin, may also play a role.
Treatment Overview
Treatment approaches for melanoma vary depending on the stage and other factors, and generally involve surgical removal of the tumor. For more advanced cases, options may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy. Some individuals may explore complementary approaches, such as dietary modifications or herbal supplements, in conjunction with conventional care, although their efficacy is not always clinically proven.
Prognosis & Outlook
The prognosis for melanoma is highly dependent on how early it is detected and treated. When caught in its early stages, before it has spread, the outlook is generally considered favorable. However, if melanoma has advanced and spread to other parts of the body, the prognosis may be more challenging.
Types & Variants
Superficial spreading melanoma
The most common type, often appearing as a flat or slightly raised, discolored patch that grows outward on the skin's surface before growing deeper.
Nodular melanoma
The most aggressive type, which grows deep into the skin quickly. It often appears as a raised bump, which may be black, blue, red, or skin-colored.
Lentigo maligna melanoma
Often develops in older adults on skin that has had extensive sun exposure, like the face. It begins as a flat, blotchy patch that grows slowly.
Acral lentiginous melanoma
A rare type that appears on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or under the nails. It is more common in people with darker skin.
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