Kidney & Urinary
Kidney Stones
About Kidney Stones
Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside the kidneys. They can vary in size and may cause significant discomfort as they pass through the urinary tract.
Common Symptoms
- Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs
- Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
- Pain that comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity
- Pain or burning sensation while urinating
- Pink, red or brown urine
- Cloudy or foul-smelling urine
- Nausea and vomiting
- Persistent need to urinate
- Urinating more often than usual
- Fever and chills (if infection is present)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically begins with a review of symptoms and a physical examination. Imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds, are commonly used to visualize the stones and determine their size and location. Urine and blood tests may also be conducted to check for infection, kidney function, and to identify the type of minerals forming the stone.
Causes
Kidney stones commonly form when urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. This can be influenced by dietary factors, certain medical conditions, and family history. Dehydration is frequently cited as a contributing factor.
Treatment Overview
The approach to kidney stone management often depends on the size, location, and type of stone. Options may include pain management, encouraging stone passage through increased fluid intake, and sometimes medications to help relax the ureter. For larger stones, procedures such as lithotripsy (using shock waves to break up stones), ureteroscopy (using a scope to remove or break up stones), or percutaneous nephrolithotomy (a surgical procedure for very large stones) may be considered. Some individuals explore complementary approaches like herbal remedies, though their effectiveness requires careful discussion with a healthcare provider.
Prognosis & Outlook
The prognosis for kidney stones is generally favorable, with many small stones passing on their own. However, recurrence is commonly reported, especially if preventive measures are not adopted. The long-term outlook often depends on managing underlying risk factors and maintaining adequate hydration.
Types & Variants
Calcium stones
The most common type, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a substance found in many foods and also made by your liver.
Struvite stones
Form in response to a urinary tract infection (UTI). These stones can grow quickly and become quite large, sometimes with few symptoms.
Uric acid stones
Can form in people who lose too much fluid, eat a high-protein diet, or have gout. Certain genetic factors also may increase your risk.
Cystine stones
Form in people with a hereditary disorder called cystinuria that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of a specific amino acid.
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