Digestive
GERD
About GERD
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the esophagus, the tube connecting the mouth and stomach. This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of the esophagus and may lead to various symptoms.
Common Symptoms
- heartburn
- regurgitation of food or sour liquid
- chest pain
- difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- sensation of a lump in the throat
- chronic cough
- laryngitis
- new or worsening asthma
- disrupted sleep
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of GERD commonly involves a review of symptoms and medical history. In some cases, tests such as endoscopy, pH monitoring (esophageal acid monitoring), or esophageal manometry may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, assess the severity, or rule out other conditions.
Causes
GERD is primarily caused by frequent acid reflux, often due to a weakened or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscle that typically prevents stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus. Factors that may contribute to GERD include obesity, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, and certain lifestyle choices.
Treatment Overview
Management approaches for GERD often involve lifestyle modifications, such as dietary adjustments and weight management. Conventional medical treatments may include antacids, H2 blockers, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid. Some individuals also explore complementary approaches like herbal remedies or acupuncture, though their efficacy for GERD is still being studied.
Prognosis & Outlook
The prognosis for GERD is generally favorable with appropriate management, and many individuals find relief through lifestyle changes and medication. However, if left untreated, chronic GERD may lead to complications such as esophagitis, esophageal strictures, or Barrett's esophagus, which is associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.
Types & Variants
Non-Erosive Reflux Disease (NERD)
Patients experience typical GERD symptoms, but there is no visible damage or inflammation (esophagitis) to the esophagus during an endoscopy.
Erosive Esophagitis
GERD that causes visible breaks, inflammation, and damage to the lining of the esophagus, which can be seen during an endoscopy.
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