Skin
Eczema
About Eczema
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dry, itchy, and irritated skin. It commonly appears in cycles, with periods of flares followed by improvement.
Common Symptoms
- Itching (often severe, especially at night)
- Red to brownish-gray patches
- Small, raised bumps that may leak fluid when scratched
- Cracked, dry, scaly skin
- Thickened, leathery skin (from chronic scratching)
- Raw, sensitive, swollen skin from scratching
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of eczema is typically made by a healthcare professional through a physical examination of the skin and a review of medical history. There are no specific lab tests for eczema, but sometimes tests may be used to rule out other conditions or identify potential triggers.
Causes
The exact cause of eczema is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is thought to be related to an overactive immune system response and a compromised skin barrier, which allows moisture to escape and irritants/allergens to enter.
Treatment Overview
Management strategies for eczema often involve a multi-faceted approach, including topical medications to reduce inflammation and itching, systemic medications for more severe cases, and moisturizers to help repair the skin barrier. Some individuals explore complementary approaches such as dietary changes or herbal remedies; however, the effectiveness of these approaches may vary and they should be discussed with a healthcare provider. The goal is typically to control symptoms and prevent flare-ups.
Prognosis & Outlook
Eczema is often a chronic condition, meaning it can persist for a long time, though symptoms may improve or worsen over time. Many children with eczema may see their symptoms improve or resolve as they get older, but it can also persist into adulthood or reappear. With proper management, symptoms can often be controlled, and flare-ups can be minimized.
Types & Variants
Atopic Dermatitis
The most common and chronic type of eczema, often starting in childhood and linked to allergies and asthma.
Contact Dermatitis
A skin reaction caused by direct contact with an irritant or allergen, resulting in a localized rash.
Dyshidrotic Eczema
Characterized by small, itchy blisters on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and sides of the fingers.
Nummular Eczema
Presents as coin-shaped, itchy spots on the skin, which can be crusted, scaly, or ooze fluid.
Seborrheic Dermatitis
Causes flaky, yellowish scales on oily areas such as the scalp, face, and chest. In infants, it's known as cradle cap.
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