ADHD

• Difficulty paying close attention to details or making careless mistakes
• Trouble holding attention on tasks or play activities
• Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
• Forgetfulness in daily activities, such as chores or appointments
• Fidgeting with or tapping hands or feet, or squirming in seat
• Difficulty staying seated in situations where it is expected
• Interrupting or intruding on others' conversations or games
• Acting without thinking through consequences

There is no single test to diagnose ADHD. Diagnosis involves a comprehensive medical and psychological evaluation by a qualified professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or pediatrician. The process includes reviewing the person's symptom history against criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), gathering information from family members or teachers, and ruling out other conditions that could cause similar symptoms.

The exact causes of ADHD are not fully known, but research suggests a strong genetic component. It is considered a brain-based disorder, with studies showing differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry in individuals with ADHD. Specifically, levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine, which play a role in attention and reward, may be different. Environmental factors may also contribute to the risk. These can include exposure to certain toxins during pregnancy or at a young age, premature birth, or low birth weight. ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, too much sugar, or excessive screen time, though these factors can sometimes worsen symptoms.