Skin
Acne
Common Symptoms
- Whiteheads (closed plugged pores)
- Blackheads (open plugged pores)
- Papules (small, red, tender bumps)
- Pustules (pimples with pus at their tips)
- Nodules (large, solid, painful lumps under the skin)
- Cystic lesions (painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin)
- Oily skin
- Skin scarring
Diagnosis
A healthcare provider can diagnose acne by examining your skin. They will identify the types of lesions present (blackheads, pimples, nodules) and assess the severity to determine the best course of action. In most cases, no special tests are needed, but blood tests may be used if a hormonal imbalance is suspected.
Causes
Acne is primarily caused by four interconnected factors. First, glands in the skin produce too much oil (sebum). Second, dead skin cells are not shed properly and, along with the excess oil, clog hair follicles. This clogged environment allows for the overgrowth of a normally harmless skin bacterium, Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes). The bacteria trigger an immune response, leading to inflammation, which results in the redness and swelling seen in pimples, nodules, and cysts.
Treatment Overview
Acne treatment aims to reduce oil production, speed up skin cell turnover, fight bacterial infection, and reduce inflammation. General approaches include consistent home care with gentle cleansing, over-the-counter topical products containing ingredients like benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid, and prescription medications. Prescription options may include topical retinoids and antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal therapies for women, or oral retinoids for severe, resistant acne. Your doctor may also suggest therapies like light therapy or chemical peels.
Prognosis & Outlook
The outlook for acne is generally positive, as most cases can be effectively managed with consistent treatment. While it often improves after the teenage years, it can persist into or begin in adulthood. Starting treatment early and adhering to a prescribed regimen can help control outbreaks and significantly reduce the risk of long-term complications like scarring.
Types & Variants
Comedonal Acne
Characterized by non-inflammatory blemishes like whiteheads and blackheads.
Inflammatory Acne
Includes red, swollen blemishes such as papules and pustules (pimples).
Nodulocystic Acne
A severe form of acne with large, painful, deep nodules and cysts that can cause significant scarring.
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